Research Article | | Peer-Reviewed

Factors Influencing Youth's Perception of Artificial Intelligence from the Perspective of Employment

Received: 15 October 2025     Accepted: 26 October 2025     Published: 3 December 2025
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Abstract

The global unemployment rate in youth present a much bigger increase compared to adults, which indicates the exclusiveness young people have suffered from the job market. AI, as one of the contributors, will worsen youth’s status by being prioritized as one of the hiring factors. In this case, a survey of 520 respondents of various ages is conducted to check different performances of using AI and viewing AI, especially those who are under 25 years old. By using frequency count, response rate and penetration rate and cross (chi-square) analysis, we have come to three results: 1) young groups present high acceptance towards using AI, both from their frequency of using relevant tools and the areas these tools are applied to; 2) young people share the worries that AI will replace the repetitive labor positions, only after the exposure of personal information; 3) Gen AI tools youth use and application areas are in accordance with the way how they spend their time, so school is the most favorable way for knowledge acquisition. It is easy to infer, based on the above results, that young generation has a rather ambivalent attitude towards AI. On one hand, they are used to using AI and Gen AI tools for the improvement of learning, working or even entertainment. On the other hand, they clearly know how AI will do harm to their lives and what AI’s disadvantages are. This research thus gives rise the emergency of integrating relevant AI acquisition into the present education system and future researches are recommended to explore a successful design of AI acquisition in schools at all levels.

Published in American Journal of Artificial Intelligence (Volume 9, Issue 2)
DOI 10.11648/j.ajai.20250902.27
Page(s) 281-288
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2025. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Youth, Perception, Artificial Intelligence/AI, Influence Factors, Job Market

1. Introduction
According to Global employment trends for youth 2024 published by International Labour Organization (ILO). In 2023, 64.9 million youth were unemployed worldwide, contributing to the 13% global youth unemployment rate that year. Although encouraging rate was the lowest in the past 15 years, a much larger share (20.4%) of youth were not in employment, education or training. Noticeably, the ratio of youth-to-adult unemployment rate saw an increase from 2.6% in 2000 to 3.5% in 2023 and it is between 2 and 6 times higher than adult rates, Of all the reasons leading to the exclusiveness young people have suffered, the rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI) is one of it. According to 2025 AI Skills Report from Pluralsight, 50% companies prefer to hire job candidates with AI skills. 95% of organizations regard AI proficiency as one of the hiring factors. Under the circumstance, exploring the influence AI has exerted on the perception of people, especially that of youth group, is of great importance for schools at all levels to conduct future training related to AI skills.
2. The Origin Development of AI and Its Growing Influence on Job Market
Kaplan and Haenlein (2019) define AI as “a system’s ability to interpret external data correctly, to learn from such data, and to use those learnings to achieve specific goals and tasks through flexible adaptation”. Russell and Norvig (2020) give a modern conception of AI as “agents” or systems for it can perform different actions based on the change of the environment. Buchanan (2005) regards AI as a tool to influence job displacements, failings in automated systems and privacy protections..
As algorithm gains its advancement, the byproducts of its application in various fields-generative AI (Gen AI)-has come to the spotlight. By taking advantage of models as foundations, Gen AI can create contents in formats such as text, image, video or sound. Chat-GPT and Gemini, as two typical representatives of large language models (LLMs), have soon gained its widespread applications. Gilbert (2023) finds out three effects AI has exerted on job market: job displacement, augmentation and creation. Hui, X. et al (2025) examine the short-term effects of the recently released Gen AI tools on the employment outcomes of freelancers and find suggestive evidence that top freelancers are disproportionately affected by Al. Frey and Osborne (2023) describe Gen AI models as “key bottlenecks to the automation of social tasks” with the increasing value of in-person and social interactions . It is true that Gen AI has given rise to a better work experience in quality, quantity, productivity and even cost savings. But at the same time, its potential threat towards job security has also aroused discussions.
Some researches give alarm to unstoppable replacement of AI and disappearing jobs. According to the Future of Jobs Report 2023, 50% of employers worldwide expect AI to promote job growth in the next 5 years. The fastest-growing jobs by 2027, for employers, will be AI and machine learning specialists, sustainability analysts and business intelligence analysts. Deloitte (2023) holds that AI can automate and augment administrative and problem-solving tasks in cognitive jobs like accounting, in social jobs like sales and in physical jobs like plumbers..
While more researches focus on the positive news for employees. On one hand, more jobs can be generated by AI. Acemoglu and Autor (2010) assume that most routine manual and cognitive work was going to be affected by AI and automation, predicting that this was going to create an increasing demand for creative jobs and data analysts. Gmyrek, Berg and Bescond (2023) do the research and conclude that since Gen AI could have significant implications for a wide range of work-related tasks, it may affect job demands. According to Jobs of Tomorrow: Large Language Models and Jobs, AI-induced employment will also cover new occupations, such as prompt engineers, AI modellers, data trainers, as well as governance and ethics specialists. On the other hand, the influence of AI would not be as big as it is predicted. LinkedIn (2023) finds out that some particular jobs will be “insulated” from AI in areas like healthcare, construction or hospitality..
Empirical research is also available for exploring the connection between AI using and job hunting. Engberg, E. et al (2025) investigate the impact of AI on employment in Sweden and conclude that AI exposure aligns with greater use of AI services and more possibly a AI-skilled worker will be hired. .
3. Research
To find out the what has influenced the youth’s perception towards AI from the perspective of employment, we conduct a survey about the AI’s uses and applications on 520 people of various ages and different social statuses by using stratified sampling method in March 2025. A total of 585 questionnaires were collected, among which 520 were valid, with an effective response rate of 88.9%. After a careful review from experts and pre-test, the reliability and validity of the questionnaires are both high. Among the valid 520 respondents, the group under the age of 25 (inclusive) (U25) accounts for 42.11%. 23.65% of the respondents are yet to be employed. 58.85% of respondents own a diploma higher than Bachelor Degree.
Table 1. Frequency Results of Basic Information.

Questions

Options

Frequency

Percentage(%)

How old are you?

18 years and under (hereafter U18)

58

11.15

19-25 years (inclusive) (hereafter B19-25)

161

30.96

26-35 years (inclusive) (hereafter B26-35)

134

25.77

36-45 years (inclusive) (hereafter B36-45)

98

18.85

46-55 years (inclusive) (hereafter B46-55)

46

8.85

56 years and over (hereafter O56)

23

4.42

What's your gender?

Man

277

53.27

Woman

243

46.73

What is your occupation?

Students (including undergraduate, postgraduate and doctoral students)

123

23.65

Teachers/researchers

60

11.54

Enterprise employees

156

30.00

Professional

102

19.62

Public functionary

50

9.62

Retiree

8

1.54

None Of the Above

21

4.04

What is your education level?

High school and below

45

8.65

Graduate from vocational school

169

32.50

Bachelor Degree

244

46.92

Master Degree

42

8.08

Doctoral Degree

20

3.85

Amount to

520

100.0

4. Analysis
4.1. Different Ages’ Performances on Using AI and Acquiring AI
Based on the data from the survey, we have done the cross analysis between different ages and their corresponding performances on the frequency of using Gen AI tools and their desired way of AI acquisition.
Table 2. Cross (chi-square) Analysis Results.

Questions

Options

Age (%)

Amount to

χ2

p

18 years and under

19-25 years (inclusive)

26-35 years (inclusive)

36-45 years (inclusive)

46-55 years (inclusive)

56 years and over

How often do you use AI tools?

Multiple times/day

21(36.21)

70(43.48)

31(23.13)

26(26.53)

9(19.57)

13(56.52)

170(32.69)

39.152

0.006**

Several times/week

19(32.76)

56(34.78)

53(39.55)

41(41.84)

15(32.61)

6(26.09)

190(36.54)

Several times/month

8(13.79)

17(10.56)

20(14.93)

18(18.37)

11(23.91)

1(4.35)

75(14.42)

Rarely used

4(6.90)

9(5.59)

20(14.93)

10(10.20)

7(15.22)

2(8.70)

52(10.00)

Never used

6(10.34)

9(5.59)

10(7.46)

3(3.06)

4(8.70)

1(4.35)

33(6.35)

Amount to

58

161

134

98

46

23

520

What are the ways/channels you hope to acquire Gen AI knowledge in the future?

School teaching and practice

38(65.52)

75(46.58)

48(35.82)

40(40.82)

21(45.65)

13(56.52)

235(45.19)

26.756

0.031*

Self-study

12(20.69)

54(33.54)

44(32.84)

29(29.59)

11(23.91)

7(30.43)

157(30.19)

Job (part-time) training

8(13.79)

24(14.91)

34(25.37)

26(26.53)

13(28.26)

2(8.70)

107(20.58)

None Of the Above

0(0.00)

8(4.97)

8(5.97)

3(3.06)

1(2.17)

1(4.35)

21(4.04)

Amount to

58

161

134

98

46

23

520

* p<0.05 ** p<0.01

Based on cross (chi-square) analysis of the respondents’ ages and frequency of using Gen AI tools, there is a significant difference at the 0.01 level (χ²=39.152, p=0.006<0.01). 56.52% of respondents from O56 and 43.48% from B19-25 share the choice of “multiple times/day”, showing significantly a higher percentage than the average level (32.69%). In choosing “several times/week” (average level 36.54%), B36-45 tops at 41.84%. In the frequency rate of “several times/month”, B46-55 takes up 23.91%, which is much higher than the average level (14.42%).
Based on cross (chi-square) analysis, results of the respondents’ ages and the way they prefer to acquire AI knowledge show a significant difference at the 0.05 level (χ²=26.756, p=0.031<0.05). U18 and O56 hold preference of “school” as the way to acquire Gen AI relevant knowledge, the former showing up at 65.52% whereas the latter reaching at 56.52%, both of which are significantly higher than the average level (45.19%). “Job (part-time) training”, with its average level at 20.58%, enjoys the priority in both B46-55 and B36-45 groups with 28.26% and 26.53% respectively.
It is not hard to draw the conclusion that, based on the above analysis, the performances of different ages vary in the frequency of using Gen AI tools and the way of AI acquisition. The younger one is, the more frequently one will use Gen AI relevant tools and the more one will rely on school for knowledge acquisition. In the respondents, those who are between 36 to 55 years old show a clear preference to “job (part-time) training” for knowledge input probably because workplace is more accessible than other ways for employees in such age groups.
4.2. Youth’s Opinions Towards AI’s Influence on Job Market
To find out the opinions young people share towards the AI’s influence on job market, A single choice of “Which of the following models do you think AI will have more impact on the future job market?” is set. Based on the 219 respondents from U18 and B19-25, 36.07% think that AI will replace the repetitive labor positions. Only 9.13% respondents think the job market will remain still with suffering little influence from AI.
Table 3. Frequency Count of the Views AI will Exert on Future Job Market.

Questions

Options

Frequency

Percentage (%)

Which of the following models do you think AI will have more impact on the future job market?

Create more emerging professions (such as AI trainers)

61

27.85

Replace repetitive labor positions

79

36.07

Human machine collaboration has become mainstream

48

21.92

The job market is not affected

20

9.13

Unpredictable

11

5.02

Amount to

219

100.0

4.3. Youth’s Behavior Patterns and Their Potential Worries
To go deeper in figuring out youth’s habits of using Gen AI tools and their attitude towards AI’s future development, we set three multiply choices as “Which Gen AI tools have you used? ”“In which area(s) do you mainly use Gen AI tools? ” “Which of the following do you agree with about AI? ”
With doing the response rate and penetration rate analysis of the above three questions, we aim to explore whether a shared rule is available in young group regarding the specific tools they use and their possible views towards AI’s development.
Table 4. Response Rate and Penetration Rate Summary of the Use of Gen AI Tools.

Options

Respond

Prevalence (n = 219)

n

Response ratio

Natural language processing (ChatGPT, Wenxin Yiyang)

143

19.59%

65.30%

Voice assistants (Siri, Xiao Ai)

123

16.85%

56.16%

Image generation tools (Midjourney, DALL·E)

102

13.97%

46.58%

Data analysis tools (e.g. Deepseek)

138

18.90%

63.01%

Intelligent recommendation system (e-commerce/video platform)

85

11.64%

38.81%

Academic research assistant (literature analysis, code generation)

61

8.36%

27.85%

Smart home devices (smart speakers, robot cleaners)

75

10.27%

34.25%

None Of the Above

3

0.41%

1.37%

Note: When χ2 = 164.312 p = 0.000

Among the commonly used Gen AI tools, it is clear to see that natural language processing is the most popular choice with 65.30% as its prevalence. Such a result is consistent with an increasing reputation Chat-GPT has gained around the globe and its application areas the young people can apply to. Moreover, data analysis tools and voice assistants also win the acknowledgement with 63.01% and 56.16% respectively, which is in accordance with an increasing demand of software in phones, personal computers and even smart watches.
Table 5. Response Rate and Penetration Rate Table of the Areas in which Gen AI tools Have Been Used.

Options

Respond

Prevalence (n = 219)

n

Response ratio

Learning (literature retrieval, language learning)

133

19.36%

60.73%

Work (copywriting, data analysis)

137

19.94%

62.56%

Life services (smart home, shopping recommendation)

107

15.57%

48.86%

Entertainment (games, AI painting)

121

17.61%

55.25%

Public safety (face scanning, temperature measurement)

106

15.43%

48.40%

Academic research (experimental design, paper writing)

79

11.50%

36.07%

None Of the Above

4

0.58%

1.83%

Note: When χ2 = 128.556 p = 0.000

To check out the most commonly used areas in which Gen AI tools have been applied to, learning and working are the top two with 60.73% and 62.56% supporters respectively. Another choice dominating young people is entertainment with 55.25% as its prevalence. What worth noticing is the prevalence of life services and public safety. Even though Gen AI tools are more commonly seen in public devices, especially during the Pandemic. However, the gap between public uses (48.40%) and learning uses (60.73%) indicates that young groups are more familiar and more concerned with technological updates in occasions where they spend most of their time, such as learning, working and entertainment.
Table 6. Response Rate and Penetration Rate Summary of Potential Worries of AI’s Future.

Options

Respond

Prevalence (n = 219)

n

Response ratio

Privacy and data security (personal information falling into the wrong hands, resulting in serious economic losses and invasion of personal privacy)

178

18.39%

81.28%

Jobs are replaced (some low-skilled occupations are replaced by AI automation, resulting in higher unemployment and poverty rates)

135

13.95%

61.64%

Over-dependence can lead to a lazy mind and a stifling of creativity and imagination

122

12.60%

55.71%

The risk of online fraud is increasing (such as AI-generated GIFs and simulated voices for online fraud)

132

13.64%

60.27%

Add to the psychological problems (addiction to virtual friends)

96

9.92%

43.84%

The technology gap is widening (the gap between AI developed regions and AI underdeveloped regions is gradually increasing)

90

9.30%

41.10%

Ethical issues in academia (e.g. wider use of AI for writing papers)

119

12.29%

54.34%

Technical loss of control (caused by human factors or missing data samples, resulting in algorithmic bias)

96

9.92%

43.84%

Note: χ2 = 47.785 p = 0.000

In the multiple choices concerning potential worries of AI’s future, 81.28% agree on “Privacy and data security”, which overwhelms other worries. What comes next is that 61.64% of youth choose “Jobs are replaced”, 60.27% choose“The risk of online fraud is increasing”, 55.71% worry “over-dependence lead to lazy mind” and 54.34% pick up “ethical issues”. In the above choices winning over 50% of agreement, it is not hard to see that even though young people rely on AI and are familiar with AI, they have clear awareness of the negative effect resulting from the development of AI.
5. Conclusion, Limitations and Recommendations
It is not hard to see that, from the above analysis, young generation has a rather ambivalent attitude towards AI. On one hand, they are used to using AI and Gen AI tools for the improvement of learning, working or even entertainment. On other hand, they clearly know how AI will do harm to their lives and what AI’s disadvantages are. To better explain such a dilemma is that such a generation is born in an Internet age. The pace of new technological creations is unprecedented in the past 20 years, which contributes to their dependence on new technological inventions for an ever-changing world. Therefore, compared to other age groups, those who are under 25 years old show a rather higher acceptance of AI. Their familiarity of AI is in accordance with their ways of spending their time. So the tools they have used are often what their daily occasions call for. Besides, the invention of cellphone and computer give rise to further Gen AI creations and thus lay the foundation of immediate experience of learning and using. However, an objective high acceptance of AI doesn’t necessarily mean a positive recognition. With a clear awareness of AI’s disadvantages, not only do the young groups worry the exposure of personal information and the possible replacement of their work, but also do they prioritize school as the preferable way for self-improvement in AI.
Therefore, based on the habit patterns they show and the views they share, it is not hard to see the emergency of integrating AI knowledge into the present education system. The distribution of questionnaires is realized on-line, so the ages and social status of the respondents varies. In terms of the data concerning young people, further research can cover more samples. Future researches are recommended to explore a successful design of AI acquisition in schools at all levels.
Notes
This article is the conclusion result of “Research on Youth's Cognition of Emerging Occupations in the Age of Digital Intelligence” [2025 China Youth Research Association Research Project] (Project Number: 2025B69).
Abbreviations

ILO

International Labour Organization

AI

Artificial Intelligence

GenAI

Generative AI

LLMs

Large Language Models

U18

The Group of Respondents Who Are 18 Years and Under

B19-25

The Group of Respondents Who Are 19-25 Years (Inclusive)

B26-35

The Group of Respondents Who Are 26-35 Years (Inclusive)

B36-45

The Group of Respondents Who Are 36-45 Years (Inclusive)

B46-55

The Group of Respondents Who Are 46-55 Years (Inclusive)

O56

The Group of Respondents Who Are 56 Years and over

Author Contributions
Ruijia Xie: Funding acquisition, Project administration, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing.
Daming Zhao: Data curation, Formal Analysis, Investigation.
Hong Qiu: Methodology, Resources, Software.
Muchen Li: Data curation, Supervision.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
References
[1] International Labour Organization. (2024). Global employment trends for youth 2024: Decent work, brighter futures (GET for Youth). International Labour Office.
[2] Pluralsight: 2025 AI Skills Report (2025).
[3] Russell, S. and Norvig, P. (2020) Artificial intelligence: A modern approach. 4. ed. London: Pearson.
[4] Buchanan, B. (2005) ‘A (Very) Brief History of Artificial Intelligence’, AI Magazine, 26(4). Available at:
[5] Gilbert, A. (2023)‘Reframing Automation - a new model for anticipating risks and impacts. Institute for the Future of Work (UK). Available at:
[6] Hui, X., Reshef, O., & Zhou, L. (2024). The Short-Term Effects of Generative Artificial Intelligence on Employment: Evidence from an Online Labor Market. Organization Science, 35(6), 1977–1989.
[7] Frey, C. and Osborne, M. (2023) Generative AI and the Future of Work: A Reappraisal. Working Paper No. 2023. Oxford Martin School.
[8] WEF (2023a) ‘Future of jobs report 2023’. World Economic Forum. Available at:
[9] Deloitte (2023) ‘Generative AI and the future of work’. Deloitte. Available at:
[10] Acemoglu, D. and Autor, D. (2010) Skills, Tasks and Technologies: Implications for Employment and Earnings. w16082. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, p. w16082. Available at:
[11] Gmyrek, P., Berg, J. and Bescond, D. (2023) ‘Generative AI and Jobs: A Global Analysis of Potential Effects on Job Quantity and Quality’, SSRN Electronic Journal, ILO Working Paper 96. Available at:
[12] WEF (2023b) ‘Jobs of Tomorrow: Large Language Models and Jobs’. World Economic Forum. Available at:
[13] Linkedin (2023) ‘Future of work report. AI at work’. Available at:
[14] Engberg, E., Hellsten, M., Javed, F., Lodefalk, M., Sabolová, R., Schroeder, S., & Tang, A. (2025). Artificial intelligence, hiring and employment: job postings evidence from Sweden. Applied Economics Letters, 1–6.
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  • APA Style

    Xie, R., Zhao, D., Qiu, H., Li, M. (2025). Factors Influencing Youth's Perception of Artificial Intelligence from the Perspective of Employment. American Journal of Artificial Intelligence, 9(2), 281-288. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajai.20250902.27

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    Xie, R.; Zhao, D.; Qiu, H.; Li, M. Factors Influencing Youth's Perception of Artificial Intelligence from the Perspective of Employment. Am. J. Artif. Intell. 2025, 9(2), 281-288. doi: 10.11648/j.ajai.20250902.27

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    AMA Style

    Xie R, Zhao D, Qiu H, Li M. Factors Influencing Youth's Perception of Artificial Intelligence from the Perspective of Employment. Am J Artif Intell. 2025;9(2):281-288. doi: 10.11648/j.ajai.20250902.27

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  • @article{10.11648/j.ajai.20250902.27,
      author = {Ruijia Xie and Daming Zhao and Hong Qiu and Muchen Li},
      title = {Factors Influencing Youth's Perception of Artificial Intelligence from the Perspective of Employment
    },
      journal = {American Journal of Artificial Intelligence},
      volume = {9},
      number = {2},
      pages = {281-288},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ajai.20250902.27},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajai.20250902.27},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajai.20250902.27},
      abstract = {The global unemployment rate in youth present a much bigger increase compared to adults, which indicates the exclusiveness young people have suffered from the job market. AI, as one of the contributors, will worsen youth’s status by being prioritized as one of the hiring factors. In this case, a survey of 520 respondents of various ages is conducted to check different performances of using AI and viewing AI, especially those who are under 25 years old. By using frequency count, response rate and penetration rate and cross (chi-square) analysis, we have come to three results: 1) young groups present high acceptance towards using AI, both from their frequency of using relevant tools and the areas these tools are applied to; 2) young people share the worries that AI will replace the repetitive labor positions, only after the exposure of personal information; 3) Gen AI tools youth use and application areas are in accordance with the way how they spend their time, so school is the most favorable way for knowledge acquisition. It is easy to infer, based on the above results, that young generation has a rather ambivalent attitude towards AI. On one hand, they are used to using AI and Gen AI tools for the improvement of learning, working or even entertainment. On the other hand, they clearly know how AI will do harm to their lives and what AI’s disadvantages are. This research thus gives rise the emergency of integrating relevant AI acquisition into the present education system and future researches are recommended to explore a successful design of AI acquisition in schools at all levels.
    },
     year = {2025}
    }
    

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  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Factors Influencing Youth's Perception of Artificial Intelligence from the Perspective of Employment
    
    AU  - Ruijia Xie
    AU  - Daming Zhao
    AU  - Hong Qiu
    AU  - Muchen Li
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    PY  - 2025
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajai.20250902.27
    DO  - 10.11648/j.ajai.20250902.27
    T2  - American Journal of Artificial Intelligence
    JF  - American Journal of Artificial Intelligence
    JO  - American Journal of Artificial Intelligence
    SP  - 281
    EP  - 288
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2639-9733
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajai.20250902.27
    AB  - The global unemployment rate in youth present a much bigger increase compared to adults, which indicates the exclusiveness young people have suffered from the job market. AI, as one of the contributors, will worsen youth’s status by being prioritized as one of the hiring factors. In this case, a survey of 520 respondents of various ages is conducted to check different performances of using AI and viewing AI, especially those who are under 25 years old. By using frequency count, response rate and penetration rate and cross (chi-square) analysis, we have come to three results: 1) young groups present high acceptance towards using AI, both from their frequency of using relevant tools and the areas these tools are applied to; 2) young people share the worries that AI will replace the repetitive labor positions, only after the exposure of personal information; 3) Gen AI tools youth use and application areas are in accordance with the way how they spend their time, so school is the most favorable way for knowledge acquisition. It is easy to infer, based on the above results, that young generation has a rather ambivalent attitude towards AI. On one hand, they are used to using AI and Gen AI tools for the improvement of learning, working or even entertainment. On the other hand, they clearly know how AI will do harm to their lives and what AI’s disadvantages are. This research thus gives rise the emergency of integrating relevant AI acquisition into the present education system and future researches are recommended to explore a successful design of AI acquisition in schools at all levels.
    
    VL  - 9
    IS  - 2
    ER  - 

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